By Pastor Thomas Taylor July 11, 2013

The First Four Seals Are Now Open

By Thomas Taylor

The Four Horsemen of The Apocalypse Are Loosed

Part 1 – Table of the first four seals

The First Four Seals of Revelation	Seal 1 Rider = Spirit of Anti-christ/False Christians White Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Religion	Seal 2 Rider = Spirit of War Red Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Government	Seal 3 Rider = Spirit of Famine Black Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Economics	Seal 4 Riders = Spirit of Death and Hell Pale (Green) Horse=The power of the spirits of Death and Hell Over Nature
Color	White is the color of false religion; white represents the bricks heated in fire to make the Tower of Babel.	Red is the color of government (and incidentally Communism and Socialism.)	Black is the color economics.	Green is the color of nature.
Revelation (The macro: spans about 2,000 years)	Rev 6:1, 2 And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer.	Rev 6:3, 4 And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.	Rev 6:5, 6 And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine.	Rev 6:7, 8 And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, Come and see. And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.
How the Seals will materialize in the final generation (Matt 24:34) (The micro: spans only one generation – the final generation)	Mat 24:4, 5 And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many.	Mat 24:6, 7 And ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom…	Matt 24:7 ….and there shall be famines…	Matt 24:7 …and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places.
*The Birth Pangs (Contractions) Increasing in Frequency and IntensityMat 24:8 ESV All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.***	4th Century: Christian Syncretism begins (the combining of contradictory beliefs). The rise of the Roman Catholic Religion which mixes Christianity with Paganism. Early in the 4th Century, Constantine supposedly converts to Christianity creating Roman Catholicism. But he mixed Sun worship with Christianity to create this new religion. 380 Roman Catholicism becomes the state religion.
Late 19th Century: The world moves toward religious pluralism (all religions are equally true). 1893 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets for the first time.	19th Century: The rise of Socialism and Communism/Marxism In 1848, Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto. In 1848, social class warfare caused the European Revolutions in countries such as France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Denmark.
Early 20th Century: The Ecumenical Movement, compromising Christian doctrine among Protestants for the sake of unity, takes root. 1910 World Missionary Conference.	Early 20th Century: The Russian Revolutions gives power to the Socialists/Communists of Russia. Also, the first world war led to the creation of the League of Nations. 1914-1918 WWI – around 16.5 millions killed. 1917 The Russian Revolution turns Russia into a Socialistic/Communistic country. Up to 9,000,000 killed. (1919 Leagues of Nations created.)	Early 20th Century: The rise of Corrupt Banking and Commerce. Greed steers Capitalism (instead of principles of honesty and biblical ethics upon which Free Market was founded). Up to 1911, Standard Oil and U.S. Steel had powerful monopolies controlling much of commerce internationally. In 1913, the rise of the Federal Reserve in the U.S.	Early 20th Century: Great natural disasters and plagues In 1907, 24,000,000 die in Chinese famine. 1918 Spanish flu pandemic kills an estimated 50,000,000 worldwide. In the 20th Century, Approx. 300,000,000 die of Smallpox which was eradicated by 1980.
1930’s and 1940’s : The Ecumenical Movement gains unity. 1937 World Council of Churches begins to be established (Protestant movement). 1948 World Council of Churches officially established.	1930’s and 1940’s: Communism takes over China. Second world war leads to creation of the United Nations which replaced the League of Nations. 1939-1945 WWII – up to 85,000,000 killed. 1942 to present Communist insurgency in the Philippines kills 43,388. 1945 United Nations Created 1949 The Communist Part of China takes over the country. 1927-1949 Chinese Civil War kills 7,500,000.	1930’s: The Great Depression consumes the world. 1929 the Great Depression begins.	1930’s and 1940’s: More large-scale natural disasters 1931 as many as 4,000,000 killed in China floods. 1936 and 1941 drought in Sichuan Province of China resulted in 5,000,000 and 2,500,000 deaths. 1938 up to 700,000 killed in Yellow River flood in China.
1960’s: Universalist doctrine spreads. 1961 The Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association merge.	1950’s to 1970’s: War and unrest. 1950-1953 Korean War kills 1,200,000. 1955-1975 Vietnam War/Second Indochina War kills 3,886,026. 1967-1970 Nigerian Civil War kills up to 3,000,000.	1970’s: stock market crash 1973 Oil Crisis leads to a stock market crash.	Around 1960’s and 1970’s: Increases in natural disasters and plagues Late 1960’s, Earthquake frequency greatly increases 1958-1961 the Great Chinese Famine killed anywhere from 15,000,000 to 43,000,000. 1976 Tangshan Earthquake in China is the largest earthquake by death toll in the 20th century causing up to 255,000 deaths.
1980’s: Homosexual agenda promoted by Uniterian Universalists 1984 Unitarian Universalists become the first major “church” to approve homosexual marriage.	1980’s: An estimated one-third of the world’s population lived in Communist states. But in 1989 the Berlin Wall comes down dealing a damaging blow to Communism in Europe. However, Socialism remains strong in Europe. 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War up to 1,000,000 killed. 1988 Samali Civil War kills 550,000. 1989 Berlin Wall Falls	1980’s: Market upheavel leads to recession. 1987 Black Monday when the Dow crashed 22.61% (508 points) the highest ever percentage drop recorded.	1980’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase. 1981 AIDS pandemic begins. 1984-1985 famine in Ethiopia kills 1,000,000. 1989 deadliest tornado ever recorded kills 1,300 in Bangladesh.
1990’s: World religions become more homogenized. 1993 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets on its centenary. 1999 Parliament of World’s Religions meets with more than 7,000 individuals from over 80 countries.	1990’s: The European Union is formed with Socialists and Liberals controlling many of the seats. 1990 to 1991 Operation Desert Storm kills up to 57,000. 1991 Uprisings in Iraq kill up to 235,000. 1993 EU Forms to unite Europe under one government and economy.	1990’s: Asian Financial Crisis 1997 Asian markets fell causing fears of worldwide economic meltdown.	1990’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase. 1993 Greatest flood ever recorded on the Mississippi river with $15 billion in damages. 1998 Yangtze River Floods in China left 14,000,000 people homeless. 1999 deadliest rain storm ever recorded kills 15,100 in Venezuela mudslides.
2000’s: 2004 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets with more than 8,900 attendees. 2005 First round of Summit of World Religious Leaders meetings begins in theUnited Kingdom to influence the G8. 2007 Christian Universalists Association founded.	2000’s: Large moves toward Progressivism/Socialism. 1998-2003 Great War of Africa kills up to 5,400,000. 1999-2009 Second Chechen War kills up to 200,000. 2001 War on Terror kills 329,745. 2008 A Progressive/Socialist becomes the President of the United States – the “Leader of the Free World”.	2000’s: Global Financial Crisis. 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis leading to global recession and unemployment.	2000’s: 2003 most powerful solar flare ever recorded estimated between x40 and x45. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killing over 230,000. 2005 Hurricane Katrina, one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. 2006 worst drought in modern times affecting nearly 8,000,000 people in Sichuan Province of China.
RESULT SINCE 2008	Anti-Christian religious mind-set dominates among the nations. World religions unite excluding fundamental Christianity. Fundamental Christianity is persecuted in the attempt to eliminate it and its influences from off the face of the earth. False Christianity, willing to compromise with the world, is on the rise through Universalism, Syncretism, Pluralism, and Ecumenism.	Anti-Christian governmental mind-set dominates among the nations. The world governments, particularly the guiding forces of the United Nations, are uniting under the Progressive/Socialist ideology.Wars and rumors of wars abound as the U.N. tries to police the world against any non-conformity to their Socialst-Democratic domination of the world. We are heading toward a one world government under the banner of Socialism.	Anti-Christian economic mind-set dominates among the nations. The love of money has led to many financial disasters causing financial hardships worldwide. The Socialistic governments of the world believe they can control Capitalism through government intervention in the markets but this will cause more economic woes. We are moving toward a one world economic system that is a form of Capitalism manipulated by a one world Socialist government.	Great natural disasters and plagues increased in frequency and intensity. 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China measured 7.9 killing 69,195 people and causing China to spend $146.5 billion to recover. 2010 Haiti earthquake kills 250,000. 2010 Chile earthquake was the sixth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept. 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami causing meltdown of Fukushima Daiichhi nuclear reactor. Fifth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept.

The First Four Seals of Revelation

Seal 1

Rider = Spirit of Anti-christ/False Christians

White Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Religion

Seal 2

Rider = Spirit of War

Red Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Government

Seal 3

Rider = Spirit of Famine

Black Horse=The power of the spirit of Antichrist Over Economics

Seal 4

Riders = Spirit of Death and Hell

Pale (Green) Horse=The power of the spirits of Death and Hell Over Nature

Color

White is the color of false religion; white represents the bricks heated in fire to make the Tower of Babel.

Red is the color of government (and incidentally Communism and Socialism.)

Black is the color economics.

Green is the color of nature.

Revelation

(The macro: spans about 2,000 years)

Rev 6:1, 2 And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer.

Rev 6:3, 4 And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.

Rev 6:5, 6 And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine.

Rev 6:7, 8 And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, Come and see. And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.

How the Seals will materialize in the final generation (Matt 24:34)

(The micro: spans only one generation – the final generation)

Mat 24:4, 5 And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many.

Mat 24:6, 7 And ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom…

Matt 24:7 ….and there shall be famines…

Matt 24:7 …and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places.

The Birth Pangs (Contractions) Increasing in Frequency and IntensityMat 24:8 ESV All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.

4th Century: Christian Syncretism begins (the combining of contradictory beliefs). The rise of the Roman Catholic Religion which mixes Christianity with Paganism.

Early in the 4th Century, Constantine supposedly converts to Christianity creating Roman Catholicism. But he mixed Sun worship with Christianity to create this new religion.
380 Roman Catholicism becomes the state religion.

Late 19th Century: The world moves toward religious pluralism (all religions are equally true).

1893 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets for the first time.

19th Century: The rise of Socialism and Communism/Marxism

In 1848, Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto.
In 1848, social class warfare caused the European Revolutions in countries such as France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Denmark.

Early 20th Century: The Ecumenical Movement, compromising Christian doctrine among Protestants for the sake of unity, takes root.

1910 World Missionary Conference.

Early 20th Century: The Russian Revolutions gives power to the Socialists/Communists of Russia. Also, the first world war led to the creation of the League of Nations.

1914-1918 WWI – around 16.5 millions killed.
1917 The Russian Revolution turns Russia into a Socialistic/Communistic country. Up to 9,000,000 killed.
(1919 Leagues of Nations created.)

Early 20th Century: The rise of Corrupt Banking and Commerce. Greed steers Capitalism (instead of principles of honesty and biblical ethics upon which Free Market was founded).

Up to 1911, Standard Oil and U.S. Steel had powerful monopolies controlling much of commerce internationally.
In 1913, the rise of the Federal Reserve in the U.S.

Early 20th Century: Great natural disasters and plagues

In 1907, 24,000,000 die in Chinese famine.
1918 Spanish flu pandemic kills an estimated 50,000,000 worldwide.
In the 20th Century, Approx. 300,000,000 die of Smallpox which was eradicated by 1980.

1930’s and 1940’s : The Ecumenical Movement gains unity.

1937 World Council of Churches begins to be established (Protestant movement).
1948 World Council of Churches officially established.

1930’s and 1940’s: Communism takes over China. Second world war leads to creation of the United Nations which replaced the League of Nations.

1939-1945 WWII – up to 85,000,000 killed.
1942 to present Communist insurgency in the Philippines kills 43,388.
1945 United Nations Created
1949 The Communist Part of China takes over the country.
1927-1949 Chinese Civil War kills 7,500,000.

1930’s: The Great Depression consumes the world.

1929 the Great Depression begins.

1930’s and 1940’s: More large-scale natural disasters

1931 as many as 4,000,000 killed in China floods.
1936 and 1941 drought in Sichuan Province of China resulted in 5,000,000 and 2,500,000 deaths.
1938 up to 700,000 killed in Yellow River flood in China.

1960’s: Universalist doctrine spreads.

1961 The Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association merge.

1950’s to 1970’s: War and unrest.

1950-1953 Korean War kills 1,200,000.
1955-1975 Vietnam War/Second Indochina War kills 3,886,026.
1967-1970 Nigerian Civil War kills up to 3,000,000.

1970’s: stock market crash

1973 Oil Crisis leads to a stock market crash.

Around 1960’s and 1970’s: Increases in natural disasters and plagues

Late 1960’s, Earthquake frequency greatly increases
1958-1961 the Great Chinese Famine killed anywhere from 15,000,000 to 43,000,000.
1976 Tangshan Earthquake in China is the largest earthquake by death toll in the 20th century causing up to 255,000 deaths.

1980’s: Homosexual agenda promoted by Uniterian Universalists

1984 Unitarian Universalists become the first major “church” to approve homosexual marriage.

1980’s: An estimated one-third of the world’s population lived in Communist states. But in 1989 the Berlin Wall comes down dealing a damaging blow to Communism in Europe. However, Socialism remains strong in Europe.

1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War up to 1,000,000 killed.
1988 Samali Civil War kills 550,000.
1989 Berlin Wall Falls

1980’s: Market upheavel leads to recession.

1987 Black Monday when the Dow crashed 22.61% (508 points) the highest ever percentage drop recorded.

1980’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase.

1981 AIDS pandemic begins.
1984-1985 famine in Ethiopia kills 1,000,000.
1989 deadliest tornado ever recorded kills 1,300 in Bangladesh.

1990’s: World religions become more homogenized.

1993 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets on its centenary.
1999 Parliament of World’s Religions meets with more than 7,000 individuals from over 80 countries.

1990’s: The European Union is formed with Socialists and Liberals controlling many of the seats.

1990 to 1991 Operation Desert Storm kills up to 57,000.
1991 Uprisings in Iraq kill up to 235,000.
1993 EU Forms to unite Europe under one government and economy.

1990’s: Asian Financial Crisis

1997 Asian markets fell causing fears of worldwide economic meltdown.

1990’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase.

1993 Greatest flood ever recorded on the Mississippi river with $15 billion in damages.
1998 Yangtze River Floods in China left 14,000,000 people homeless.
1999 deadliest rain storm ever recorded kills 15,100 in Venezuela mudslides.

2000’s:

2004 Parliament of the World’s Religions meets with more than 8,900 attendees.
2005 First round of Summit of World Religious Leaders meetings begins in theUnited Kingdom to influence the G8.
2007 Christian Universalists Association founded.

2000’s: Large moves toward Progressivism/Socialism.

1998-2003 Great War of Africa kills up to 5,400,000.
1999-2009 Second Chechen War kills up to 200,000.
2001 War on Terror kills 329,745.
2008 A Progressive/Socialist becomes the President of the United States – the “Leader of the Free World”.

2000’s: Global Financial Crisis.

2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis leading to global recession and unemployment.

2000’s:

2003 most powerful solar flare ever recorded estimated between x40 and x45.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killing over 230,000.
2005 Hurricane Katrina, one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States.
2006 worst drought in modern times affecting nearly 8,000,000 people in Sichuan Province of China.

RESULT SINCE 2008

Anti-Christian religious mind-set dominates among the nations. World religions unite excluding fundamental Christianity. Fundamental Christianity is persecuted in the attempt to eliminate it and its influences from off the face of the earth. False Christianity, willing to compromise with the world, is on the rise through Universalism, Syncretism, Pluralism, and Ecumenism.

Anti-Christian governmental mind-set dominates among the nations. The world governments, particularly the guiding forces of the United Nations, are uniting under the Progressive/Socialist ideology.Wars and rumors of wars abound as the U.N. tries to police the world against any non-conformity to their Socialst-Democratic domination of the world. We are heading toward a one world government under the banner of Socialism.

Anti-Christian economic mind-set dominates among the nations. The love of money has led to many financial disasters causing financial hardships worldwide. The Socialistic governments of the world believe they can control Capitalism through government intervention in the markets but this will cause more economic woes. We are moving toward a one world economic system that is a form of Capitalism manipulated by a one world Socialist government.

Great natural disasters and plagues increased in frequency and intensity.

2008 Sichuan earthquake in China measured 7.9 killing 69,195 people and causing China to spend $146.5 billion to recover.
2010 Haiti earthquake kills 250,000.
2010 Chile earthquake was the sixth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept.
2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami causing meltdown of Fukushima Daiichhi nuclear reactor. Fifth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept.

Additional Notes on symbolic colors in the Bible:

The color white – Using the Bible hermeneutical Law of First Mention, we discover that the color white is first mentioned in reference to burning bricks white in the construction of the tower of Babel, hence false religion. Gen 11:3 NASB “They said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly.” And they used brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar.”

The color red – The name in Hebrew “adam” means red, inferring Adam was made from red clay or dust. Using the Bible hermeneutical Law of First Mention, we discover the first mention of the man Adam was in Gen 1:26 speaking of authority or rule Adam has over the earth, hence government. Gen 1:26 NASB “Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

The color black – Using the Bible hermeneutical Law of First Mention, we discover that the color black is first mentioned in reference to the wages paid to Jacob from Laban, hence economics. Gen 30:32 NASB “let me pass through your entire flock today, removing from there every speckled and spotted sheep and every black one among the lambs and the spotted and speckled among the goats; and such shall be my wages.”

The color green – Using the Bible hermeneutical Law of First Mention, we discover that the color green is first mentioned concerning green plants, hence nature. Gen 1:30 NASB “and to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the sky and to every thing that moves on the earth which has life, I have given every green plant for food”; and it was so. ” Notice also the mention of beasts of the earth just as those mentioned in Rev. 6:8 concerning the Fourth horse and its rider, Rev 6:8 NASB “I looked, and behold, an ashen horse; and he who sat on it had the name Death; and Hades was following with him. Authority was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth.” The beasts of the earth may also include the microscopic types such as viruses and diseases. Also this horse has an association with the fourth horse of Zec. 6:3, being speckled or dappled. The Hebrew root word for speckled is hail, implying storms.

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – Part 1 Introduction

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – Part 2 The First Seal

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – Part 3 The Second Seal

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – Part 4 The Third Seal

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – Part 5 The Fourth Seal

The First Four Seals Are Now Open – The Four Horsemen of The Apocalypse Are Loosed

The First Four Seals Are Now Open

By Thomas Taylor

The Four Horsemen of The Apocalypse Are Loosed

Part 1 – Table of the first four seals

Seal 4

Pale (Green) Horse=The power of the spirits of Death and Hell Over Nature

Green is the color of nature.

Matt 24:7 …and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places.

Early 20th Century: Great natural disasters and plagues

In 1907, 24,000,000 die in Chinese famine.

1918 Spanish flu pandemic kills an estimated 50,000,000 worldwide.

In the 20th Century, Approx. 300,000,000 die of Smallpox which was eradicated by 1980.

1930’s and 1940’s: More large-scale natural disasters

1931 as many as 4,000,000 killed in China floods.

1936 and 1941 drought in Sichuan Province of China resulted in 5,000,000 and 2,500,000 deaths.

1938 up to 700,000 killed in Yellow River flood in China.

Around 1960’s and 1970’s: Increases in natural disasters and plagues

Late 1960’s, Earthquake frequency greatly increases

1958-1961 the Great Chinese Famine killed anywhere from 15,000,000 to 43,000,000.

1976 Tangshan Earthquake in China is the largest earthquake by death toll in the 20th century causing up to 255,000 deaths.

1980’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase.

1981 AIDS pandemic begins.

1984-1985 famine in Ethiopia kills 1,000,000.

1989 deadliest tornado ever recorded kills 1,300 in Bangladesh.

1990’s: deadlier disasters and plagues increase.

1993 Greatest flood ever recorded on the Mississippi river with $15 billion in damages.

1998 Yangtze River Floods in China left 14,000,000 people homeless.

1999 deadliest rain storm ever recorded kills 15,100 in Venezuela mudslides.

2000’s:

2003 most powerful solar flare ever recorded estimated between x40 and x45.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killing over 230,000.

2005 Hurricane Katrina, one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States.

2006 worst drought in modern times affecting nearly 8,000,000 people in Sichuan Province of China.

Great natural disasters and plagues increased in frequency and intensity.

2008 Sichuan earthquake in China measured 7.9 killing 69,195 people and causing China to spend $146.5 billion to recover.

2010 Haiti earthquake kills 250,000.

2010 Chile earthquake was the sixth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept.

2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami causing meltdown of Fukushima Daiichhi nuclear reactor. Fifth most powerful earthquake in the world since records were kept.

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